French conjugation is hard when you have to learn them in one go, there are near 20 different tenses, 3 groups of verbs, and even more subgroups. Today, I'll write a bit (in english) about the basics of the french conjugation in order to help you all understand how it works.

conjugation 101

Verbs in french are oftenly put in their infinitive form (Manger, courir, boire, aller,...) which is composed of a radical with the infinitive termination (mange-[e]r, cour-ir) except the many exceptions of the verbs with an irregular radical (boire, aller,...).
To conjugate a verb, most of the time, you have to choose the verb, the subject and the tense (ex: louer [to rent], tu, imparfait de l'indicatif). Then you take the radical of your verb to which you add the termination of the tense for the subject you picked (ex: the termination for "louer" in the imparfait for "tu" is "-ais" so the conjugation is "tu louais" -> tu + lou[er] + ais)

The groups:

French verbs are divided in 3 groups, each one of them can be separated in various sub-groups. But to put it simply, what are those groups, what is their use and where do they come from?
A conjugation group is a group of verbs that have similar conjugation
The three french groups are simply called Premier groupe (first group), deuxième groupe (second group) and troisème groupe (third group). In this post, I'll use a more obvious name for them "-er" group (1° group), "-ir" group (2° group), and irregular group (3° group)
The "-er" group only have verbs that ends with "-er", but not every verb that ends with "-er" are in the second group.
Same with the "-ir" group, not every "-ir" verbs are in the "-ir" group, but every verb of the "-ir" group ends with "-ir".
For the irregular group, it simply have every other verbs (including être and avoir which are really important to know). There are no thumb rule for this group, so you have to learn the 3rd group verb by heart.
I also mentionned earlier that there are some sub groups in french. Not every french verb of the first group will conjugate exactly like the other, but they are classified in sub-groups, usually refered by one of the most common verb of that sub-group. For example:
Venir is conjugated like devenir and prévenir, so they will usually be put in the same sub-group and in the third group.
Manger is conjugated like ranger, langer, manager,... so they will all be put in the "manger" sub group.
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Historically speaking, there are no "origin" of those groups, as they are just "tools" to learn the conjugation laws. But why do the french verbs are conjugated in 3 ways? Well it's a matter of debate. Latin already had different ways to conjugate certain verbs, so we could say it comes from that, but it could also come from spontaneous evolution.

The tenses:

As I said earlier, there are roughly 20 french tenses, divided in 5 modes: l'indicatif, le subjonctif, l'imperatif, l'infinitif and le participe. Each mode have its own use:
L'indicatif is to indicate that something happened, is happening or will happen.
The subjonctif is there for the wishes, the fears or everything that might or could happen.
The imperatfif is there for orders, advices or indications.
The infinitif is the "base" form of the verb
The participe are either for composed tenses (participe passé) or to create adverbs and adjectives (participe présent)
Each mode have its own amount of tenses for different uses. However, it should be noted that not every tense of every mode is used on a regular basis. the passé simple of the indicative for example is almost never used in day to day french (we rather use imparfait or passé composé).
Why do french have so many tenses? Well for precision. French is a very precise language when it comes to conjugation. If you tell a story that will happen, and that in that future story, you have to mention an action that happened before the story but still in the future, you will use the "futur antérieur" (ex: I'll buy some milk before we'll run out of stock -> j'aurai acheté du lait avant qu'on n'en ait plus). So it's primordial for a french speaker to know how and when to use each tense!
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Since I'll got some free time for the week, I'll try to post a few more posts about french conjugation during the week. I'll try my best to link them together so you won't have trouble finding them.

In my last post, I exposed the very basics of the french conjugation, but today, I'll write about something more specific and problematic: how french conjugation really works?
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In my last post, I already said that french conjugation is simply made like that: subject + verb + termination, so if you want to say "I'll eat", you take "Je" + mange" (radical of "manger") + rai (termination for "Je" in the "futur de l'indicatif" tense) which makes "je mangerai".
I also explained that verbs are divided in 3 groups (1er groupe -> -er group + 2ème groupe -> -ir group + 3° groupe -> irregular group) and each group can be divided in many sub groups (the group of the verbs that are conjugated like "manger", the group of verb that are conjugated like "venir",...)
A comment in my previous post also mentionned the Bescherelle which is a book for french conjugation. You should definitively check it (online version of it) as it will help you find how to conjugate a verb properly.
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So with that in mind, you should be able to conjugate the regular verbs in french with the simple tenses. But, if there are "regular" verbs, there are also irregular verbs. Here is a good list of the irregular verbs for you all. Also, if there are "simple" tenses, there are tenses that are not simple. But dont worry, they are easy if you master the conjugation of "être" and "avoir". Let me explain:
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Composed tense are tenses where the verbal group is like that: "subject + auxiliary + verb (in its participe passé form)". You are probably familiar with that syntax as it is also how the english verbs are conjugated in their composed tenses, and the similarities don't stop there. In french, the auxiliaries are "être" (to be) and "avoir" (to have). The verbs are always in their participe passé form which is made of the radical of the verb and with the termination "é" (-er verbs, not only of the 1rst group), "u" (-ir and -ire verbs) or are irregular (like "être" which becomes "été" or "avoir" which becomes "eu").
In the composed tenses, the auxiliary is the only verb that is conjugated, and in order to master the composed tenses, you will need to master the conjugations of "être" and "avoir" in the following tenses: présent, imparfait, passé simple and futur simple of the indicatif mode; présent and imparfait of the subjonctif mode and présent of the conditionel mode.
There are no thumb rule to know if a verb have "avoir" or "être" as an auxiliary, except for that one "it's almost always "avoir" except for some verbs (that you should know by heart) and even then, it's "avoir" if the verb is followed by a complément d'objet direct".
finaly, the verb in its participe passé form is accorded in gender and in number of the subject if the auxiliary is "être" but not if it's "avoir". For example: "Elles ont mangé du pain" (mangé is still "mangé" even though the subject is feminine and plural) and "Elles étaient parties au restaurant" ("parti" have an "être" auxiliary, so it take the "e" because the subject is feminine and an "s" because the subject is plural)
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And while we're at it, let's talk a bit about when to use the composed tenses, because if you remember from my last post, I said that french aimed for precision when it comes to conjugation, hence the numerous tenses and the importance of knowing when to use them. So here we go:
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Passé composé (auxiliary in its present conjugation) is the most commonly used composed tense in french. It is used as a way to talk about a past action that has ended. ex: j'ai été malade toute la semaine. tu as vu le dernier Avenger? Nous sommes allés ("allé" takes the "s" because the auxiliary is "être" and the subject is plural) en Norvège cet été.
The conditionnel passé (auxiliary in its conditionel présent conjugation) is also oftenly used, so you should know it aswell. It is used to talk about an action that would have happened if a condition was checked (usually a regret or a charge). ex: si j'avais eu un peu plus de jugeotte, je n'aurais pas fait ça. Elle était abrutie ("abruti" takes an "e" because the auxiliary is "être" and the subject is feminine) par le vin hier soir!
The plus que parfait (auxiliary in its imparfait conjugation) is to refer to an action that happen before the narrative time if the narrative tense is already in the past (it's the past of the past). ex: J'étais aux courses et je ne me suis pas rendu compte que j'avais oublié ma liste! Tu avais perdu ton portable.
The futur antérieur (auxiliary in its futur simple conjugation) is as used as the plus que parfait. It is used for an action that happened before the narative time if the narative time is in the future. For example: Tu seras déjà couchée quand je sortirai du travail. (the narrative time is given by "when I'll be out of work").
The futur antérieur can also be used to talk about an action that will happen at a given time (so the time must be given). ex: les travaux seront finis en Janvier.
The subjonctif passé (auxiliary in its subjonctif présent conjugation) is used to talk about an action that might (or might not) have happened. ex: Il faut que tu aies passé ton bac pour aller à l'université.
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And now, we get on the rarely used tenses of french.
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The passé antérieur (auxiliary in its passé simple conjugation) is like the plus que parfait, but only used when you use the "passé simple" tense (which is not commonly used). example: "Quand il eut fini, elle hurla"
The subjonctif plus que parfait (auxiliary in its subjonctif imparfait conjugation) is to talk about an action that might (or might not) have happened in the time of the naration if the time is the past. It is almost only used in litterature. example: Quand je les ai lu, je doutais qu'il eût écris ces lettres.
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And here you have it! One of the most boring part of french conjugation, but a part that you should know. Don't hesitate to share your thoughts or ask for a question :)
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EDIT: L'ironie de faire un post sur la conjugaison sans penser à la vérifier. J'ai corrigé ça grâce aux commentaires de lackaisicalquokka et de Deathletterblues et un peu de relecture.

Hello, everyone!
I didn't know reddit had a conlang group and that so many people participated, I'm happily surprised!
I've seen some amazing work here over the last weeks, so I wanted to introduce my own work following some guidelines I've read.

STARTING GUIDE TO FINSVEL

Finsvel is an artlang project I've been carrying since my first years in middle school (some 10 years ago) but didn't really take a shape similar to what's today until maybe 2015. In 2015, I decided to incorporate Finsvel to the lore of a novel and some side stories I wrote, even making a bilingual Spanish-Finsvel short story once. The Finsvel I'm describing here is mainly the standard, more accessible version of it, but it features some elements from a more complex classical old variant.
I classify Finsvel as an artlang since I tried to make it a language tied to a lore and a historical context. I like to imagine it is a language born from mega multicultural cities or in a pre-apocaliptic context where different cultures have to get along in a reduced territory and thus blending their languages. I've always identified this place as Congo, in some misconception from when I was younger that that's where humans started to appear. Finsvel has been used mainly for singing (by me), so much of it has been shaped around lyrical use.
Finsvel, at the informal level, is a mildly synthetic language that's naturalistic and open to irregularity. However, at the same time, it coexists with a very strict, more analytic standard. Being a language influenced by radically different natural language families (it goes from Romance to Sinitic influences), it can jump from synthetic to analytic very quickly. Texts might even mix and make redundant features from both sides.

Language name

Finsvel means "End of the world" (In a sort of formal classical variant of the language). I didn't want it to sound too creepy and cliché, but since that was the code with which I started the project I haven't changed its main name. It has other names to refer it to it such as: Weltoww (/vel'tof/, Which also means "language of the World's End" in a modern, less formal variant) and Ntigun (/n'tigun/, "Shared tongue").

Phonology & Orthography

Finsvel phonology is not excessively complex, but it does not try to be a fully-fledged auxiliary language so it hasn't had any restraint in getting a bit more challenging or irregular. As a language born from an extreme multicultural context, it does have a wider-than-expected range of consonants for example. (Charts from Conworkshop)
Don't mind the numbers, those are from notes that relate to ortography on conworkshop.
Vowels don't really get very hard and many of them blend into more relaxed versions (in my experience)
For orthography, ironically, there are two big paths for this Latin-based writing system. One is the classical, etymological writing that features many diacritics, accents, cases, exceptions, additional diphthongs and even Chinese characters. I try to avoid this one since using the language does not really require them all the time. The other is the modern, sleek writing system, that includes some marks especially for cases, diacritics and some artistic options for sound shifting. Orthography does seem to get a bit messy, but I control it to some extent since I don't want to become unusable, to the point it can easily be written without diacritics. I like it when it gets sometimes a bit contradictory because that's what natural languages do. Trust me, it sounds easier than it seems.
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https://preview.redd.it/cdp7qbgowz261.png?width=388&format=png&auto=webp&s=49f332288304262262005a74b91f3a20148aec4c
I prefer to avoid acutes since they're not easy to find on your keyboard.
Sound shifting is a characteristic usually of ethymologic and old writings.
Some diacritics can be used both for sound shifting and for case mark. Sound shifting is part of etymological, classical writing methods. It helps recognition of the original languages (e.g., French "lourd" in classical Finsvel would be "lòurd", keeping the O for that etymological purpose, but in the standard versión it'd be "lurd").

Syllable Structure

Standard syllable structure is VC, CV and CVC. But one can easily encounter isolated consonants due to influence from formal texts and poetic licenses. Cases of isolated vowels are rare.
In the classical, academic variant, structures such as VCC or CCC can be pretty common, due to influence from languages such as arabic or abugida script languages.

Vocabulary

Due to that multicultural context, Finsvel grows from many natural languages but adapts words to its own phonetic system. If I have to make an estimate, I'd say: 30% Romance, 20% Sinotibetan, 15 % Greek, 10% Germanic, 5% Arabic, 5% Japonic, 10-15 % miscellaneous.

Grammar

Since Finsvel brings in words from very different languages, I did have to intervene here constructing a standardized method of giving them morphologic shapes. Morphologic basics are actually pretty straightforward.

NOUNS

Being a language heavily focused on lyrics and rhythm, Finsvel does not push you to use its fixed marks for nouns. There are some fixed suffixes since the artlang brings words from languages so different that some standardization was needed. The most common noun suffix is -ON (from Greek). Finsvel would actually let you add -ON to any word to make it work as a noun, there's no limit. It is interchangeable with other nominalizing suffixes with the exact same meaning but with different etymological background: -UNG (from German) and -AN (Turkic and Spanish prevalence of A nouns). In the same sentence, the same noun could change its nominalizer as to spice the rhythm a bit. Sometimes also one specific nominalizer is preferred for a word (if it relates to its origin for example)
https://preview.redd.it/1nwhrcr6ev261.png?width=346&format=png&auto=webp&s=24d81a597ab94e4bb635456c489fae9fa9cd3d96
When words are used without nominalizers, plural and collective are made just with the same method. -EN and -IA. Below an example of the very same word and all its possible rhymic variants. I included something that it's a bit more advanced, which is the classical variant that sometimes can be seen in informal contexts but that I tend to avoid mixing. The preferred nominalizers in this case are for example "yongon" and "yongungia".
https://preview.redd.it/15ddipcffv261.png?width=370&format=png&auto=webp&s=2618f0898b66256af365d9bf57a0ad70aab08b7c

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives follow a very straightforward pattern when constructed directly from natural languages.

1. They do not coordinate with the noun. No gender, no plural (except for noun adjectives, that's another thing)
2. You add an -e to lexical root.

Even when adjectives not ending in -E are incorporated to Finsvel, the rule is to adapt it to it. And even in lexical roots already ending in -E, adding another -E is recommended.
E.G.
Italian "Pericoloso" ("Dangerous") becomes "pericolosE".
Chinese "特別" (pinyin: tebie, "special") I would recommend to use as "tebiee", but many times I write it just as "tebie".

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are very regular and since the last big "standardization" even some of them fell into disuse in my works. This chart is from 2016, and since then, formal 2nd person and gendered 3rd person pronouns have fused with SÍA.
https://preview.redd.it/j72giih6iv261.png?width=1217&format=png&auto=webp&s=c25c1ff32751556cff1ddd1d5c0121f1291e43e9

VERBS

Verbs are perhaps the most regular point of Finsvel since this tends to be a chaotic point for many conlangs, this is where I tend to be more strict with it. 99% of Finsvel verbs are regular, and so are its suffixes. Since it is one of the first things I crafted for the language, it is very much based on romance languages.
https://preview.redd.it/85na2k5wjv261.png?width=233&format=png&auto=webp&s=3338cdfa1f6d646b3d4933408cb0b1c72df403b9
https://preview.redd.it/jf9tgweshv261.png?width=939&format=png&auto=webp&s=d0b53138c20615e4d2f1bc9ff1244741a6ddf7b1
Basic conjugation of the verb TO BE (S-ER). \"S\" is the root. I included the whole chart, but some cases hardly occur. Conditional, for example, tends to fuse into 1st person for all persons. Desiderative, here in grey, is something I'm growing fond of actually. It is sort of similar to romance languages subjunctive but \"lite\" and optional.

CASES, PREPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS

Noun cases are also something related to the classical, formal variant, but that sometimes leak into informal context. I find it overwhelming to explain them in detail here, but, basically, case marks are put in the middle of the last syllable, usually in nominalized nouns (but they can be used in any form). They fit after the first vowel of the last syllable. It might sound confusing, but I've guessed this way of making it would actually make case marking something completely automatic yet at the same time not your everyday case marking. The reason why cases are marked inside the syllable instead of at the end is that Finsvel clings a lot to the consonants of the original word.
https://preview.redd.it/ilh7accunv261.png?width=109&format=png&auto=webp&s=6e5735a1b5c8b96430e5890a2825f9d4613595bf
https://preview.redd.it/uuzheiivnv261.png?width=373&format=png&auto=webp&s=dca6688d64bf174a95e805bcad9502b5e3d43c92
Lative is actually rare even in poetics forms.
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https://preview.redd.it/wpdr6bkwnv261.png?width=589&format=png&auto=webp&s=2085d799757e62099f85ef633db8e80089187d92
https://preview.redd.it/ngpyzfw6ov261.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=ece725e8bf34f3ade2e93e470a5db0195a568bb6
So, you might guess, if I'm saying cases are something thought for classical texts, how are these meanings expressed in everyday Finsvel?
Well, for that Finsvel has what I think one of its coolest feature, which is the dual proposition-postposition system. Yes, it has and uses both. It allows for many rhythmic modulations I just couldn't imagine the language without since it had already been built for lyric purposes. Along with articles, it allows for many ways of writing the very same phrase.
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Some irregular postpositions. Most regular postpositions are made using the NA postposition + the original preposition.
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SENTENCE ORDER

As you might have guessed from all the customizable features of the language, word order also is quite flexible. I mostly use these two when writing in Finsvel: SOV, SVO and OSV. But mixing cases, prepositions and postpositions you can do practically any order, though apart from those three, it might get difficult to read.

SAMPLES

I have many samples! For the past years, I've doing fandubs of some songs into Finsvel, which helps to have a fixed background and even inspire some improvements.
YOUTUBE LINK
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjheBGCsAmJ2YSQfa6RbUbh3yCbRZebka
A FINSVEL-SPANISH BILINGUAL TEXT (This is from 2015, so it's a bit outdated, today's Finsvel is a bit more regular and cleaner, but they would be interlegible)
https://www.wattpad.com/235360915-1999-2-ep%C3%ADlogo-finsvel-espa%C3%B1ol-1999-2-finsvel
I usually talk about this little hobby of mine to my friends, but haven't really tried to widespread it. Do tell me what you think, I do think I could some help making things clearer. Thing is a full guide of Finsvel could actually get very thick, since it's been in this "standarized" for at least half a decade now. But all I have is a messy excel.
Thanks for your attention.
EDIT: Corrected some minor mistakes and broken tables (I'm new on Reddit, sorry).
I'll be adding and editing things into this post since there's no limit to editing and I like having this post as main source of basic information for the language.

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French regular -RE verbs are a small group of French verbs which share a conjugation pattern. Here are the most common regular -RE verbs:
attendre to wait (for)
défendre to defend
descendre to descend
entendre to to hear
étendre to stretch
fondre to melt
pendre to hang, suspend
perdre to lose
prétendre to claim
rendre to give back, return
répandre to spread, scatter
répondre to answer
vendre to sell
Irregular verbs are so named because they do not follow any of the regular conjugation patterns. But that doesn't mean that every irregular French verb is unique; many of them share a conjugation pattern with at least one other verb. By learning how to conjugate one verb in a group and memorizing the list of similar verbs, you'll be able to conjugate all the verbs in that group.
French has five irregular -RE verb patterns - see examples at the bottom of the page:
1.The first group includes prendre and all of its derivations (comprendre, etc). These verbsdrop the din all three plural forms and alsodouble the nin the third person plural.
2.The second group includes battre and all of its derivations (débattre, etc). These verbsdrop the stem's final tin the singular forms.
3.The third group includes mettre and all of its derivations (promettre, etc). These verbs are conjugated just like battre verbs in the present tense, but I consider them a separate group because they are conjugated differently in the passé simple, imperfect subjunctive, and past participle.
(As you can see in the table below, the first three groups take the same present tense verb endings.)
4.The fourth group of irregular -RE verbs includes rompre and its derivations (corrompre, etc). These verbs are conjugated exactly like regular -RE verbs with the single exception of the third person singular present tense, which adds atafter the stem.
5.The fifth group of irregular -RE verbs includes all verbs that end in -aindre (e.g., craindre), -eindre(like peindre), and -oindre (such as joindre). These verbsdrop the din the root in all forms, andadd a g in front of the nin the plural forms.
The rest of the irregular -RE verbs have unique or unwieldy conjugations, so you have to memorize each one separately. Try working on one verb a day until you've mastered them all: absoudre, boire, clore, conclure, conduire, confire, connaître, coudre, croire, dire, écrire, faire,inscrire, lire, moudre, naître, plaire, rire, suivre, vivre.
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French imperfect conjugations are very easy, as the imperfect of virtually all verbs—regular and irregular—is formed the same way: drop the -ons ending from the present indicative nous form of the verb and adding the imperfect endings.
Être is the only irregular verb in the imperfect, because the present tense nous sommeshas no -ons to drop. So it has the irregular stem ét- and uses the same endings as all other verbs.
As in many other tenses, spelling change verbs, that is, verb which end in -cer and -ger, have minor spelling changes in the imperfect.
Verbs that end in -ier have an imperfect root that ends in i, so end with double i in thenous and vous form of the imperfect. This isn't irregular, but it looks kind of weird.
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There are five main kinds of verbs in French: regular -ER, -IR, -RE; stem-changing; and irregular. Once you've learned the rules of conjugation for each of the first three kinds of verbs, you should have no problem conjugating regular verbs in each of those categories. The majority of French verbs are regular -ER verbs - see the next page for a list of some common -ER verbs.
The verb form that ends in -ER is called the infinitive (in English, the infinitive is the verb preceded by the word "to"), and -ER is the infinitive ending. The verb with the infinitive ending removed is called the stem or radical. To conjugate -ER verbs, remove the infinitive ending to find the stem and add the endings in the table below.
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French regular -ER verbs, by far the largest group of French verbs, share a conjugation pattern. Here are just a few of the most common regular -ER verbs:
aimer to like, to love
arriver to arrive, to happen
chanter to sing
chercher to look for
commencer* to begin
danser to dance
demander to ask for
dépenser to spend (money)
détester to hate
donner to give
écouter to listen to
étudier** to study
fermer to close
goûter to taste
jouer to play
laver to wash
manger* to eat
nager* to swim
parler to talk, to speak
passer to pass, spend (time)
penser to think
porter to wear, to carry
regarder to watch, to look at
rêver to dream
sembler to seem
skier* to ski
travailler to work
trouver to find
visiter to visit (a place)
voler to fly, to steal
There are a lot of French verbs that end in -ER and there are a lot of irregular French verbs, but there is only one irregular -ER verb. However, there are three groups of -ER verbs that have some irregularities.
Aller Aller (to go) is the only truly irregular -er verb in French - its conjugations are unique and, according to some, very odd.
Spelling change verbs Spelling change verbs are verbs that end in -cer or -ger. Their stem formation and verb endings are the same as for regular -er verbs, but there is a slight spelling change for pronunciation purposes in certain conjugations.
Stem-changing verbs Stem-changing verbs are -er verbs that take the regular endings but have two different radicals. There are five categories of French stem-changing verbs: -yer, -eler, -eter, -e_er, and -é_er.
-IER verbs There is nothing actually irregular about the conjugation of -ier verbs - they are conjugated like regular -er verbs, but some of their forms look strange.
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French regular -IR verbs, the second largest group of French verbs, share a conjugation pattern. Here are just a few of the most common regular -IR verbs:
abolir to abolish
agir to act
avertir to warn
bâtir to build
bénir to bless
choisir to choose
établir to establish
étourdir to stun, deafen, make dizzy
finir to finish
grossir to gain weight, get fat
guérir to cure, heal, recover
maigrir to lose weight, get thin
nourrir to feed, nourish
obéir to obey
punir to punish
réfléchir to reflect, think
remplir to to fill
réussir to succeed
rougir to blush, turn red
vieillir to grow old
Irregular verbs are the bane of every French student's existence, but there is some good news. There are some patterns in the irregularities - once you learn the conjugations for one verb in a group, you shouldn't have any trouble with the other verbs in that group.
There are two groups of irregular -IR verbs:
1.The first group of irregular verbs includes dormir, mentir, partir, sentir, servir, sortir, and all of their derivatives (repartir, etc). These verbs drop the last letter of the radical in the singular conjugations - see example in table below.
2.The second group of verbs includes couvrir, cueillir, découvrir, offrir, ouvrir, souffrir, and their derivatives (recouvrir, etc). These verbs are conjugated like regular -ER verbs - see example in table below.
The rest of the irregular -IR verbs don't follow a pattern - you have to memorize the conjugations for each one separately: asseoir, courir, devoir, falloir, mourir, pleuvoir, pouvoir, recevoir, savoir,tenir, valoir, venir, voir, vouloir
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The passé composé is the most common French past tense, often used in conjunction with the imperfect. The passé composé can express any of the following:
I. An action completed in the past
As-tu étudié ce weekend ? Did you study this weekend?
Ils ont déjà mangé. They have already eaten.
II. An action repeated a number of times in the past
Oui, j'ai mangé cinq fois hier. Yes, I did eat five times yesterday.
Nous avons visité Paris plusieurs fois. We've visited Paris several times.
III. A series of actions completed in the past
Quand je suis arrivé, j'ai vu les fleurs. When I arrived, I saw the flowers.
Samedi, il a vu sa mère, a parlé au médicin et a trouvé un chat. Saturday he saw his mother, talked to the doctor, and found a cat.
The passé composé is a compound conjugation, which means it has two parts:

1. present tense of the auxiliary verb (either avoir or être)
   
2. past participle of the main verb
   

📷
Imperfect
Quand j'avais 15 ans, je voulais être psychiatre. Je m'intéressais à la psychologie parce que je connaissais beaucoup de gens très bizarres. Le week-end, j'allais à la bibliothèque et j'étudiais pendant toute la journée.
When I was 15, I wanted to be a psychiatrist. I was interested in psychology because I knew a lot of really weird people. On the weekends, I used to go to the library and study all day.
Passé composé
Un jour, je suis tombé malade et j'ai découvert les miracles de la médecine. J'ai fait la connaissance d'un médecin et j'ai commencé à étudier avec lui. Quand la faculté de médecine m'a accepté, je n'ai plus pensé à la psychologie.
One day, I got sick and discovered the wonders of medicine. I met a doctor and started studying with him. After the medical school accepted me, I didn't think about psychology any more.
Indicators
The following key words and phrases tend to be used with either the imperfect or the passé composé, so when you see any of them, you know which tense you need:
The imperative, called l'impératif in French, is a verb mood which is used to
· give an order
· express a desire
· make a request
· offer advice
· recommend something
Unlike all other French verb tenses and personal moods, the subject pronoun is not used with the imperative:
Fermez la porte. Close the door.
Mangeons maintenant. Let's eat now.
Ayez la bonté de m'attendre. Please wait for me.
Veuillez m'excuser. Please excuse me.
The above are called "affirmative commands," because they are telling someone to do something. "Negative commands," which tell someonenotto do something, are made by placing ne in front of the verb and the appropriate negative adverb after the verb:
Ne parle pas ! Don't speak!
N'oublions pas les livres. Let's not forget the books.
N'ayez jamais peur. Never be afraid.
-ER verbs (regular, stem-changing, spelling change, and irregular) The imperative conjugations for nous and vous are the same as the present indicative, and the tu form of the imperative is the indicative minus the final s (but see item 4 on this page):
parler (tu) parle (nous) parlons (vous) parlez
lever (tu) lève (nous) levons (vous) levez
aller (tu) va (nous) allons (vous) allez
Verbs which are conjugated like -ER verbs (meaning that in the indicative the tu form ends in -es), such as ouvrir and souffrir, follow the same rules as -ER verbs.
ouvrir (tu) ouvre (nous) ouvrons (vous) ouvrez
-IR verbs and -RE verbs The imperative conjugations for all regular and most* irregular -IR and -RE verbs are the same as the present indicative conjugations.
finir (tu) finis (nous) finissons (vous) finissez
attendre (tu) attends (nous) attendons (vous) attendez
faire (tu) fais (nous) faisons (vous) faites
*Except for verbs conjugated like -ER verbs and the following four irregular imperative verbs:
avoir (tu) aie (nous) ayons (vous) ayez
être (tu) sois (nous) soyons (vous) soyez
savoir (tu) sache (nous) sachons (vous) sachez
vouloir (tu) veuille (nous) n/a (vous) veuillez
The order of words in a French sentence can be very confusing due to affirmative and negative imperative constructions and object and adverbial pronouns. This lesson will teach you exactly how to order your sentences when using the imperative. Remember that there are two kinds of imperatives, affirmative and negative, and the word order is different for each of them.
Negative imperatives are easier, because their word order is the same as that of all other simple verb conjugations: any object, reflexive, and/or adverbial pronouns precede the verb and the negative structure surrounds the pronoun(s) + verb:
Finis ! - Finish! Ne finis pas ! - Don't finish! Ne le finis pas ! - Don't finish it!
Lisez ! - Read! Ne lisez pas ! - Don't read! Ne le lisez pas ! - Don't read it! Ne me le lisez pas ! - Don't read it to me!
Affirmative commands are more complicated, for several reasons.
1.The word order is for affirmative commands is different from that of all other verb tenses/moods: any pronouns follow the verb and are connected to it and to each other with hyphens.
Finis-le ! - Finish it! Allons-y ! - Let's go! Mangez-les ! - Eat them! Donne-lui-en ! - Give him some!
2.The order of the pronouns in affirmative commands is slightly different from all other verb tenses/moods (see table at the bottom of the page):
Envoie-le-nous ! - Send it to us! Expliquons-la-leur ! - Let's explain it to them! Donnez-nous-en ! - Give us some! Donne-le-moi ! - Give it to me!
3.The pronouns me and te change to the stressed pronouns moi and toi...
Lève-toi ! - Get up! Parlez-moi ! - Talk to me! Dis-moi ! - Tell me!
...unless they are followed by y or en, in which case they contract to m' and t'
Va-t'en ! - Go away!
Faites-m'y penser. - Remind me about it.
4.When a tu command is followed by the pronouns y or en, the final s is not dropped from the verb conjugation:
Vas-y ! - Go away! Parles-en. - Talk about it.
📷

I was kicking butt in french all month, i felt that i had made real progress, and i was very happy....UNTIL...i realized that each verb has like 10 different forms of each word. I've since, been up for 36 hours trying to figure out how this stuff works

• In spoken English, we use both [I just ate] and [I've just eaten] pretty commonly.
  
• Is there a SIMPLE explanation for Why [historic past] (preterite, passé simple ) is used rarely in Spoken French ?
  

--------- ( is the situation similar in (spoken) Spanish ? )
https://www.mytutor.co.uk/answers/8541/A-Level/French/how-and-when-do-i-use-the-french-past-historic/

In French, the past historic (aka the passé simple or the preterite) is used to describe actions completed in the past, similar to the perfect tense.

Key Differences between the past historic and perfect tense

• 1) The past historic is used in only in formal writing and exceptionally formal speech. The perfect tense, on the other hand, can be used in both speech and writing, formal and informal.
  
• 2) The past historic describes events which are 'detached' from the present. The perfect tense, by contast, has more of a link to the present.
  

For example, if I were to begin a historical, written factfile with the sentence: 'Voltaire was born in 1694.' I would use the past historic, 'Voltaire naquit en 1694', because it has no obvious connection to the present.
However, if I were to explain why I am supplying you with this sample question, I would use the perfect tense, 'Je vous donne cet exemple d'une question, parce que j'ai décidé de travailler chez mytutor', because my decision to work for mytutor is very much attached to the present action of providing you with this sample question.
Conjugation: As with all language, learning there will always be irregular forms of verbs which must be committed to memory. However, there are some broad rules for forming verbs in the past historic: -er verbs:- je donnai - ...............

So I've been learning French for about two months now, using Duolingo. It's not the first language I've learned, as I've acquired Spanish already. In Spanish, the conjugation rules for most verbs are extremely straightforward, and even the irregular verbs tend to follow patterns.
I'm not necessarily expecting French to have a clear set of rules (Spanish is generally considered exceptionally rule-focused), but I'm wondering if there's some method behind conjugations, as right now I've yet to find a pattern. Are the specific stems, like -er, -ar, and -ir in Spanish?
(I hope this isn't meant for a different sub, but the rules only specified if it was homework related, which this isn't.)

Hi,
I am currently a Dutch engineering student and I've applied to do an internship in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. I was assured that on the work floor most staff would be fluent in English, as the institute where I'll be working for six months is very international in nature, and that there is Dutch speaking support staff that can help me out with complexities that may arise in getting settled.
Regardless, since I will be living and working in a French speaking part of the world, I think it is worth the effort to learn French. During middle school I've had three years of French class, and I always got decent grades for the subject.
Since the Dutch education system groups certain subjects together, those willing to go further in to science and engineering have to drop some foreign languages -- sadly French was a victim to this. The last time I got French lessons was in 2015, and I've never really used French after that.
I still remember the basics, and I still know the conjugations of regular verbs (-er) and irregular verbs like être, avoir, aller and faire. Basic stuff like how to order something in a restaurant, how to greet someone and how to introduce myself have also stuck, along with a some vocabulary. While I wouldn't call myself a beginner necessarily, I wouldn't want to call myself anywhere near advanced either.
I basically forgot everything about past tense, future tense and I guess I lack a lot of vocabulary to properly hold a conversation. (I think) I know basic word order and how to form a sentence, it's just that the problem of always being stuck in the present tense and not knowing a lot of words without looking them up which is holding me back.
To the point: My question is if you could give me some tips and maybe link me to some resources that would at least get me to the point where I can hold a conversation. I downloaded Duolingo, but to be perfectly honest, it's way under my skill level as I already know very well the difference between chat, chien, femme, fille, homme, garçon and cheval.
Not only that, I would also very much appreciate if you guys could maybe highlight some key differences between Swiss French and standard French, which I was taught in schools.
And a more specific question: what's the deal with tu and vous? When am I allowed to refer to someone as a tu? In Dutch we also have an informal and formal way of addressing someone, although I know from experience that we're much looser in it than countries surrounding us. There's plenty of faculty members at my uni who are fine with being called 'jij' (=tu) after you've known them for a while. More importantly, how is this in Switzerland?

West Frisian Frysk, pronounced [ˈfriːs(k)]; Dutch: Fries [ˈfriːs]) is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry. It is the most widely spoken of the three Frisian languages. In the 2001 census, there were 471.000 speakers of West Frisian.

Linguistics

As a Germanic language, Frisian is closely related to other Germanic languages such as English, Scots, Swedish and Gothic. Furthermore, as the Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, Frisian is also related to languages as dissimilar as Latin, Greek and Sanskrit.
Classification
West Frisians's full classification is as follows:
Indo-European (Proto-Indo-European) > Germanic (Proto-Germanic) > West Germanic > Ingvaeonic > Anglo-Frisian > Frisian > West Frisian
Phonology and Phonotactics
Standard West Frisian has 19 vowel phonemes. These consist of 9 pairs of vowels, contrasting for length, as well as the schwa. The eight vowels are /i y u ɪ ø o ɛ ɔ a/, with the long vowel corresponding to /ɪ/ being /eː/, while the others just are lengthened. /yː/ is fairly rare and, in one dialect, it and /uː/ are both completely absent. Likewise, while they are patterned after monophthongs, several of the long vowels are actually realized as diphthongs.
There are 16 diphthongs in West Frisian, with several other possible ones more often being classified as glide+vowel sounds as opposed to a diphthong.
There are 18 consonant phonemes, and syllabic sonorants can appear in specific instances. The sequences /nj, tj, sj, zj/ coalesce to [ɲ, tɕ, ɕ, ʑ]. There are several other rules involved as well, such as voicing assimilation, final devoicing, as well as syllabification rules. Stress on native Frisian words is on the first vowel.
Morphology and Syntax
Frisian has a strict V2 word order. The main verb always appears as the second element (not necessarily word) in the sentence. If there is an auxiliary verb, only the verb that inflects for person and tense, the finite verbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_verb), is in the second position, while the infinite one goes to the end of the clause. Contrast: ik sjoch har ("I saw her") with ik ha har sjoen ("I have seen her").
Frisian nouns decline solely for plurality, though there are a few isolated holdovers of the case system. Gender does exist, though it is marked on the article instead of the noun. The remains of a genitive case do still exist, but its usage is mainly literary, and a periphrasic manner using a prepositional phrase is preferred.
The basic structure for a Frisian noun phrase is (Determiner) - (Adverb) - (Adjective) - Noun, with adverbs only being present to modify adjectives; more than one adjective can be used to modify a noun. While Frisian once had three genders -- neuter, masculine and feminine -- there are now only two genders in the language: neuter and common. The neuter is the remains of the old neuter, while the masculine and feminine have collapsed into the common gender. The words are distinguished by the article they take, it for neuter and de for common, and there is no clearcut relationship to natural gender; for example, the words for wife/woman, girl, and boy are all neuter.
Frisian nouns only mark for plurality, and do not have a dual form. If the noun has a regular plural, it is accomplished with either the suffixation of -en or -s to the underlying form of the noun. Polysyllabic nouns ending with -ing can take either of the two forms; the choice is often dependent upon dialect, and both are accepted int he standard form.
Frisian adjectives, when used attributively, are inflected to agree with the number and gender of the noun. For common nouns, -e is added as a suffix to the noun, whereas neuter nouns do not have a specific suffix. Unlike in languages such as Spanish, the adjective does not agree with the subject when it is used predicatively. The addition of a determiner can complicate this system, by causing inflection of the adjective of a neuter noun when it follows it, dit, dat.
Frisian has nine pronouns, split across two cases: subject and object. There is a formal and informal second person singular pronoun. The formal one is used automatically when talking to strangers, 'as well as with anyone with whom one is not intimate or who is older and/or demands a certain measure of respect.' It is always used with plural verbs. It is not used, however, with parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, etc. who are addressed by their title and the third person. These can be seen in the table below

Gloss	Subject	Object
1sg.	ik	my
2sg.fam.	do	dy
2sg.form	jo	jo
3.sg.M	hy	him
3.sg.F	sy	har
3.sg.N	it	it
1.pl	wy	ús
2.pl	jimme	jimme
3.pl	sy	harren

Neither natural gender nor grammatical gender is strictly adhered to in the choice of third person pronouns. In reference to people, hy or sy/hja is used, depending on the sex of the person, even when that person is referred to with a neuter noun: it famke hat har tas ûnder, 'the girl has her purse under the (her) arm.* Here 'girl' is referred to as 'her', even though it is a neuter noun. Animals of both sexes are generally referred to as hy. Only the verb form distinguishes the feminine singular for the third person plural pronoun; both also have the form hja, which is archaic and thus was not added to the table.
Frisian verbs were traditionally divided into two main classes, weak and strong, based on whether they were regular or irregular, respectively. The weak classes is further divided into two other ones, Class I and Class II, depending on the ending of the infinitive. Class I weak verbs are completely irregular, and all forms can be derived from the same paradigm. Class II verbs is the 'default' verb form; when new verbs are formed in Frisian, they are of Class II.
Only two tenses are marked on the verb in Frisian: the present and the preterite (or simple past). All other tenses, both active and passive, are formed with one of four auxiliary verbs: wêze, hawwe, wurde and sille. Apart from the present and preterite mentioned above, the other active forms are the present perfect, formed with hawwe and the past participle; the past perfect, formed with the preterite of hawwe and the past participle; the future, formed by the verb sille and the infinitive; the future perfect, formed with the conjugated verb sille plus the past participle of the verb and the helping verb hawwe; the conditional, made up of the past tense of sille plus the infinitive; the perfect conditional, constructed of the preterite of sille plus the past participle of the verb and then hawwe. The first person singular form of these all can be seen in the table below;

Form	Frisian	English
infinitive (class 1)	meane	mow
present	ik mean	I mow
preterite	ik meande	I mowed
present perfect	ik ha meand	I have mowed
past perfect	ik hie meand	i had mowed
future	ik sil meane	I will mow
Future perfect	ik sil meand hawwe	I will have mowed
Conditional	ik soe meane	I would mow
Perfect conditional	ik soe meand hawwe	I will have mowed

All of these also have a passive form, formed with the auxilary verbs wêre, wurde. The passive is used less often than in English, however, with the impersonal construction being preferred.
Frisian tenses are used slightly differently than their English counterparts. For instance, all of them can be translated as a progressive as well; to emphasize the action, and adverb must be added. The present tense can be used for the future tense with a temporal adverb, with the future form that uses sille taking a more emphatic connotation. The past perfect can be used to express certain types of counterfactual statements, such as Jelle hie soks noait dien, "Jelle would never have done something like that" (when can be expressed with the past conditional, as well). A few verbs, which involve motion or change of state, sometimes use the complex tenses with wêze instead of hawwe. This can be seen in older English (as well as Dutch and German), 'I am come' instead of 'I have come', or 'He is risen' instead of 'He has risen'. In Frisian, however, wêze itself can take the helping verb, hawwe: ik hie west, 'I had been'

Miscellany

• Frisian is often considered to be the closest non-British relation of English.
  
• This can be seen in the sentence, "Brea, bûter en griene tsiis is goed Ingelsk en goed Frysk" or 'Bread, butter and green cheese is good English and good Frisian'
  
• According to legend, the 16th century Frisian freedom fighter Pier Gerlofs Donia used a similar rhyme, 'Bûter, brea en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin is gjin oprjochte Fries' as a shibboleth that he forced captives to repeat in order to distinguish Frisians from the Dutch and Germans.
  

Samples

Spoken sample:
Newscast
Wikitongues sample
Written sample:
Berne en opgroeid yn Ynje, sil dêr syn grêf wêze. Syn Heitelaân, Ien grutte emoasje út syn libben stiet him klear foar eagen. It frjemde lân, it lân fan Heit, en noch ien, dat fan Mem. Fan Heit: Fryslân, fan Mem: Noarwegen. Tsien jier wie er, Heit gie mei ferlof, en beide lannen hat er sjoen. Frslân yn maitiidspracht, wyst de sinne skynde oer de marren en de wide greiden mei fee. Noarwegen, doe't de hege sinne dreamde yn 'e fjorden. Hoe djip is dat alles net fêst set en syn siel. Heite en Memme lân. Mar sines? Hy hat der nea weron west.

Sources

• Wikipedia pages on Frisian
  
• Frisian Reference Grammar, Pieter Meijes Tiersma 1999.
  

Previous LotWs

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OK, so, I've been self-learning French for going on 5 years now, and over those 5 years I've made a lot of flashcards. The way I handle flashcards for verbs is that each time I learn a new verb, I want to know if there are other verbs that are conjugated like it, so that I don't create 60-or-so cards for each new verb - just a couple cards that help me place it in its verb group. Easy to do with regular verbs, but then you have all those irregular verbs that, though irregular, still follow the same pattern as other verbs in that 'group' (for example, 'craindre' is irregular, but is conjugated just like 'plaindre' and 'contraindre', so I put it in that group).
Well, the only way I used before was to look at about.com's conjugation page for the verb of interest (like 'craindre') and hope that there's a note at the bottom that says: "all verbs ending in INDRE are conjugated the same way". However, I have a feeling that website wasn't capturing all of the patterns that may exist out there. And it also doesn't have a conjugation page for every single verb (but most).
Now, however, I've just found out that the Wordreference website has a conjugator tool where by searching any verb, you will see whether it's a regular -er, -ir, or -re verb. And if it's irregular, it will list out every verb that follows its pattern, and provide you with a 'model verb' (which I love, because I use that model verb to categorize my flashcards).
Everyone has their own methods for how they study and learn a language, and I realize that my exact method may not be right for everyone - but I figure this tool might be really helpful for some of you too!
http://www.wordreference.com/conj/FRverbs.aspx

Hello. Over the past few days I've been working on a little language I call Meróri, a corruption of the Japanese "Midori." It features a simple phonology with a borrowed syllabary and what I feel is an interesting O-V-S word order, with SOV and SVO alternates. The vocabulary draws from English, Japanese, and French etymologies, with influence from other languages like Finnish and Mandarin.

Phonology

Like I said earlier, the phonology of Meróri is simple, more or less following a (C)(j)V(n) syllable structure, though a double consonant may occur word-medially. The syllabary, Hiragana, is borrowed from Japanese with some modifications:

C	i	e̞	ɐ̞	ɯ	o̞
∅	い	え	あ	う	お
p	ぴ	ぺ	ぱ	ぽ	ぷ
t	ち /t͡ʃi/	て /t͡se̞/	た	つ /t͡sɯ/	と
ɾ	り	れ	ら	る	ろ
k	き /k͡ʃi/	け	か	く	こ
m	み	め	ま	む	も
n	に	ね	な	ぬ	の
j			や	ゆ	よ
v (ʋ)	び	べ	ば	ぶ	ぼ
s	し /ʃi/	せ	さ	す	そ
h	ひ	へ	は	ふ	ほ

Final /n/ is denoted with <ん>, and the double consonant is represented in Latin script as a literal double consonant, and in Hiragana as a small <つ> (<っ>), for example: <はっちょ> (rom. hattsyo, /hɐ̞tːʃo̞/). Small forms of <や> (<ゃ>), <ゆ> (<ゅ>), and <よ> (<ょ>) are used in combination with syllables ending in /i/ to change the final /i/ to either /ɐ̞/, /ɯ/, or /o̞/, respectively. Long vowels are also possible, represented with a <ー> in script, or an acute accent in Latin transcription. I'd like to note here that double consonants cannot occur after a long vowel, and also that the combined syllables (the ones with <ょ>, <ゃ>, or <ゅ>) may be palatalized, though this is not represented in the broadly transcribed pronunciations. As for vowels, elision is also possible word-medially with /i/, and word-finally with /ɯ/, though these are also not represented in broad transcription.

Grammar

Sentence Structure

As for actually putting words next to eachother, the default template is:

time (ɪɴᴛ) object* (location) adverb* verb (auxiliary) subject 

Adjectives tend precede nouns, while other descriptors such as possession and location tend to be postpositions.

Affixes and Stuff

Tense, Aspect, and Mood

Put simply, verbs are quite bare in their individual conjugations, as most of the work has been offloaded to a fixed set of semi-irregular auxiliary verbs. The five endings that can be put on a verb are:

• Infinitive (-ɪɴғ): しょん rom. ; /ʃo̞n/ You should all know what this is.
• Continuative Aspect (-ᴄᴏɴᴛ): もれ rom. ; /mo̞ɾe̞/ ex: もりもれ (もりしゃん, rom. mori-), "have been and still am drinking."
• Potential Mood (-ᴘᴏᴛ): おーる rom. <óru>, /o̞ːɾɯ/ ex: たべおーる (たべしゃん, rom. tave-), "may eat" or "can eat." Who needed the distinction, anyways?
• Deontic Mood (-ᴅᴇᴏ): といて rom. , /to̞͡i.to̞/ ex: ろみといと (ろみしゃん, rom. romi-), "should sleep"
• Imperative Mood (-ɪᴍᴘ): こっと rom. , /ko̞ːto/ ex: てもこっと (てもしゃん, rom. temo-), "must go" or "go!"

It is assumed that the verb is in the present tense. For anything beyond these simple forms, an auxiliary is always required. When an auxiliary verb is used, any aspect or mood is shifted to it, leaving the verb bare or with an infinitive (The sun is shining; きなしょん れす ちゃりば, lit. shine-inf be.pres sun-nom), and though for simplicity's sake this is much the same as in English, it carries the connotation of passive voice. The auxiliary verbs are:

• れす (rom. resu, /ɾe̞sɯ/): The naked copula, present tense.
• れした (rom. reshita, /ɾe̞ʃitɐ̞/): The copula, past tense.
• くろ (rom. kuro, /kɯɾo̞/): The copula, future tense. This and the above two are the only auxiliary verbs that can be used as regular verbs, though only has an infinitive form (れすしょん).
• もす (rom. mosu, /mo̞sɯ/): "have," in the sense of "I have done it." This may be used with れすた and くろ when a variation in tense is required.
• おっけ (rom. okke, /o̞kːe̞/): A variant of れす, approximately equivalent to "do." This may not be used with an infinitive verb.
• おした (tom. oshita, /o̞ʃitɐ̞/): A variant of れした, approximately equivalent to "did." This may not be used with an infinitive verb.

And finally, not quite an auxiliary but a particle that acts much like one:

• ねーぱ (rom. népa, /ne̞ːpɐ̞/): The negator. This never carries tense, mood, or aspect, and always occurs last in the auxiliary chain.

Further examples:

きな もす れした ちゃりば (kshina mosu reshita tsyariva): The sun had been shining. たべ もすといと これとば (tave mosutoito koretova): He should have eaten. ろみしょん れすこっと はっちょば (romisyon resukotto hattsyova): I need to sleep. とぶおーる ねーぱ はのれば (tovuóru népa hanoreva): You cannot fly.

Cases and other Suffixes

Meróri is a Nominative-Accusative language, with a marked nominative. There are few cases, but many affixes for producing derivations of words. The cases are:

• Nominative (-ɴᴏᴍ): ば (rom. va, /vɐ̞/ or /ʋɐ̞/) ex: ぽんば (rom. pontova), "book(s)"
• Dative (-ᴅᴀᴛ): こち (rom. kori, /ko̞ɾi/) ex: ぽん これとこり えんていしょん もす れした はっちょば (rom. pon koretokori enteisyon mosu reshita hattsyova), "I have given the book to him."
• Locative (-ʟᴏᴄ): ときょ (rom. toksyo, /to̞kʃo̞/) ex: ぽんときょ (rom. pontoksyo), "at the book" / "where the book is" ex: ぽんときょ れす これとば (rom. pontoksyo resu koretova) "She's where the book is"
• Elative (-ᴇʟᴀ): したー (rom. shitá, /ʃitɐ̞ː/); "out of" ex: ぽんしたー (rom. ponshitá), "from the book"
• Allative (-ᴀʟʟ): しつ (rom. shitu, /ʃitɯ/) ex: ぽんぽしち (rom. ponshitu), "to the book"
• Benefactive (-ʙᴇɴ): のちめ (rom. notame, /no̞tʃime̞/) ex: ぽんのため (rom. ponnotshime), "for the book"
• Comitative-Instrumental (-ᴄᴏᴍ) みった (rom. motta, /mo̞tːɐ̞/) ex: はのらもった れす はっちょば (rom. hanoremotta resu hattsyova), "I am with you." ex: からもった れす (rom. karamotta resu), "(I) am with fish" -> "I have fish."

The other suffixes are not generally restricted to nouns. Though many of them are implied to, almost all of them can be used with other parts of speech, and some of them altogether don't work well with nouns at all.

• Verbalizer (-ᴠᴇʀʙ) する (rom. suru, /sɯɾɯ/) ex: からする (rom. karasuru), "to fish"
• Nominalizer (-ɴᴏᴜɴ) ちと (rom. tshito, /tʃito̞/) ex: ろみちと (rom. romitshito), "a sleep"
• Agent (-agent) へきろ (rom. hekero, /he̞ke̞ɾo̞/) ex: ぽんへけろ (rom. ponhekero), "reader" ex: とぶへけろ (rom. tovuhekero), "flyer"
• Home (-home) めーそ (rom. méso, /me̞ːso/) ex: ぽんめーそ (rom. ponméso), "book-home" or "library"
• "Like" (-like) しゃん (rom. syan, /ʃɐ̞n/) This forms both the adjective and the adverb. ex: ろみしゃん (rom. romisyan), "sleepy" or "sleepily" ex: からしゃん (rom. karasyan), "fishy" or "fishily" ex: ぽんめーそしつ ろみしゃん ても れした はっちょば (rom. ponmésoshitu romisyan temo reshita hattsyova), "I sleepily went to the library"
• Comparative (-ᴄᴏᴍᴘ) めいそ (rom. meiso, /me̞iso̞/), "-er" or "more" When used on it's own, the adjective it should be accompanying is implied. ex: ろみしゃんめいそ (rom. romisyanmeiso), "sleepier" ex: めいそ れす これとば (rom. meiso resu koretova), "It is more (expensive than the rest)"
• Superlative (-sᴜᴘ) めいしと (rom. meishito, /me̞iʃito̞/), "-est" or "most" Usage is as with the comparative. ex: ろみめいしと の ぶっちょ れす これとば (rom. romimeishito no vuttsyo resu koretova), "She is the sleepiest of us."

Particles, Possession, and Other Things

• Interrogative (ɪɴᴛ): へれ (rom. here, /he̞ɾe̞/) ex: へれ ても これとば (rom. here temo koretova), "Is he going?"
• "Of" (of): の (rom. no, /no̞/) ex: なーま の はっちょ (rom. náma no hattsyo), "My name", lit. "Name of I"
• "Many" (many): うせあ (rom. usea, /ɯˈse̞.ɐ̞/), a noun. ex: あいも れす うせあば の ぽん (rom. aimo resu useava no pon), "Many (of the) books are good."
• "Few" (few): しこし (rom. shikoshi, /ʃiˈkoʃi/), a noun. ex: ねーぱ あいも れす しこしば の へけろ (rom. népa aimo resu shikoshiva no hekero), "Few (of the) people are not good"

For a concept such as "likely" or "probably," the form is, for example:

ぴゃん そらしょん くろといと しゅむば (rom. pyan sorasyon kurutoito syumuva) "The mist will likely clear away soon" soon empty-ɪɴғ shall-ᴅᴇᴏ mist-ɴᴏᴍ

The negative particle would be used after "shall" in the above example to turn it from "likely" to "unlikely."

Conjunctions

Real quick and simple:

• たー (rom. tá, /tɐ̞/), "and" ex: から たー ぽん えもれ (rom. kara tá pon emore), "(I) like fish and books" ex: なしぇ たー とぶ (rom. nasye tá tovu), "(I) swim and fly"
• らも (rom. ramo, /rɐ̞mo̞/), "or" ex: へれ から らも ぽん えもれ はのれば (rom. here kara tá pon emore hanoreva), "Do you like fish or books?" ex: へれ なしぇ らも とぶ (rom. here nasye tá tovu), "Do (you) swim or fly (or both)?"
• えっぶ (rom. evvu, /e̞vːɯ/), "if-then/else" ex: ちゅーときょ ろみこっと えっぶ ぼめん ろっぷしゃん くろ はのれば (rom. tsyuutoksyo romikotto evvu vomen roppusyan kuro hanoreva), ten-ʟᴏᴄ sleep-ɪᴍᴘ else morning dead-like shall 2s-ɴᴏᴍ "Sleep at ten else you shall be dead in the morning"

Vocabulary

Pronoun

Pronouns in Meróri decline only for number and plurality. The chart features a zero-eth person and a fourth person, which require a little explaining: The zero-eth person is used like the English pronoun "one," while the fourth person is used like the English "they" in "What do they know?"

Person	Singular	Plural
0	もとぶ (motovu)
1	はっちょ (hattsyo)	ぶっちょ (vuttsyo)
2	はのれ (hanore)	ぶろね (vurone)
3	これと (koreto)	ぼれと (vureto)
4		もちも (totshito)

Numbers and Counting

Number	Roman	IPA	Numeral		Number	Roman	IPA	Numeral
りえん	rien	ɾie̞n	0		ちと	tshito	tʃito̞	1
にー	ní	niː	2		みっす	missu	misːɯ	3
よっす	yossu	jo̞sːɯ	4		こっす	kossu	ko̞sːɯ	5
むっす	mussu	mɯsːɯ	6		せっす	sessu	se̞sːɯ	7
やっす	yassu	jɐ̞sːɯ	8		ねっす	nessu	ne̞sːɯ	9
ちゅー	tsyú	tʃɯː	10		ちゅーちと	tsyútsito	tʃɯːtʃito̞	11
ちゅーにー	tsyúní	tʃɯːniː	12		ちゅーみっす	tsyúmissu	tʃɯːmisːɯ	13
にーちゅー	nítsyú	niːtʃɯː	20		みっすちゅー	missutsyú	misːɯtʃɯː	30
もも	momo	mo̞mo̞	100		ももちと	momotshito	mo̞mo̞tʃito̞	101
ももちゅー	momotsyú	mo̞mo̞tʃɯː	110		ももちゅーちと	momotsyútshito	mo̞mo̞tʃɯːtʃito̞	111
せぬ	senu	se̞nɯ	1000		ちゅせぬ	tsyúsenu	tʃɯːsenɯ	10,000
ももせぬ	momosenu	mo̞mo̞se̞nɯ	100,000		とろす	torosu	to̞ɾo̞sɯ	1 Milllion
ちゅーとろす	tsyútorosu	tʃɯːto̞ɾo̞sɯ	10 Million		ももとろす	momotorosu	mo̞mo̞to̞ɾo̞sɯ	100 Million
せぬとろす	senutorosu	se̞nɯto̞ɾo̞sɯ	1 Billion		ちゅーせぬとろす	tsyúsenutorosu	tʃɯːse̞nɯto̞ɾo̞sɯ	10 Billion
ももせぬとろす	momosenutorosu	mo̞mo̞se̞nɯto̞ɾo̞sɯ	100 Billion		おこるせ	okoruse	o̞ko̞ɾɯse̞	1 Trillion

There are more numbers, but I haven't gone out and made words for them yet

Phrasebook

Utterance	Roman	Pronunciation	Translation
なー！	Ná!	nɐ̞ː	Hey! or Bye!
あいも ぼめん	Aimo vomen	ɐ̞imo̞ ˈʋo̞me̞n	Good morning
あいも てーく	Aimo téku	ɐ̞imo̞ te̞ːkɯ	Good day or Good afternoon
あいも しばる	Aimo shivaru	ɐ̞imo̞ ʃiʋɐ̞ɾɯ	Good evening
あいも のある	Aimo noaru	ɐ̞imo̞ no̞ɐ̞ɾɯ	Good night
あいも てもっと	Aimo temokotto	ɐ̞imo̞ te̞mo̞ko̞tːto̞	Go well or Farewell
へれ あいも れす はのれば	Here aimo resu hanoreva	he̞ɾe̞ ɐ̞imo̞ ɾe̞sɯ hɐ̞no̞ɾe̞vɐ̞	Are you well?

I'm sorry I haven't fleshed it out further with more grammar and vocabulary yet, but this looked like enough of a sketch to be worth sharing with you all. I'm sure I missed some parts that I wanted to put in here. If you have any questions, please leave them below and I will try to answer them whenever I can. I look forward to reading your feedback and ideas. :)
あいも てもこっと！
Edit: Inserted forgotten conjunctions
Edit 2: Reduced "Of" to just <の>, and added an example to the Comitative to show how the equivalent of the verb "have" is formed.

This is an overview of Bakdila'abitz. Here, I'll explain the most basic parts of the language, its history, and where it's going.
So first up, origins.
One Sunday morning sometime when I was 10, I was forced to go to church. I always hated going to church, and this day was no exception.
At this church, however, there were notepads. Probably for taking notes during sermon. I used them to doodle or count the wooden boards that made up the ceiling above me. At some point, the pastor started talking about Hebrew or Latin or something, and I just happened to be listening. It was the first time I think I ever actually heard another language and was interested (sorry Dora, I don't and have never liked how Spanish sounds). I thought it might be fun to make my own sounds.
Thus, Bakdin. That was the original name. At first, it had no meaning. Then, I made a verb that meant 'to be literate' and made it the root for the name for the language. 'Bakdal' was the new name, trying to keep in the spirit of the old name. At this point, I was now in middle school and had started learning about French and its verb conjugations. I don't think I had ever given any thought to English's verb conjugations, but the different types of verbs really intrigued me.
So, I made it so that the language would have verb types. They are '-kal', '-dal', '-sal', and '-lar' verbs, kind of like '-er', '-ir', and '-re' verbs. Each of these verb types have different conjugations for each pronoun. The conjugation of 'bakdal' for the equivalent of 'we' (now 'dor') was at first 'bakdin'. Because in my mind, "we language" was a good idea for the name.
Then, my head canon for this language became that it was a dead language that was revived for speaking in the modern day in a parallel universe Earth. So, the name became 'bakdinab' for "we languaged." After a while, the '-dal' conjugation for 'dor' became '-dila', so the name for language became 'Bakdila'ab'. It still meant "we languaged," but it was also a word that the language contained.
I thought (at the time) that the 'people' who spoke this language would get confused by the language name just being a word of the language, so I invented a suffix system and made it so that adding '-itz' to the end of a word meant 'the language of' or something similar. Kind of like '-ish' in English or '-go' in Japanese. After I added this, the name for the language became "Bakdila'abitz." The language continued to evolve, and the conjugation of '-dal' verbs for the 'dor' pronoun became 'dil', but the language name did not change.
That's a history of the name. Now the inspiration for the sounds, grammar, and writing system.
Sounds: at first, I just wanted it to sound very different from English. The most common vowel, /ɑ/ is what I imagined as weird, but it is seen pretty often in English in words like 'top' or 'got'. The most common consonants are /k/ and /d/. There is also liberal use of /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/, and /t͡s/, which are kind of common in English, but as much so as simpler consonant sounds. There is also the usage of /χ/ which is not used at all in English. This ended up sounding like what I thought Arabic or Hebrew sounded like.
Grammar: again, I wanted the zaniest language ever, so I tried to get as far from English as I could. This led to the sentence structure of Bakdila'abitz: OSV. I can't really explain why I went with this, as it's so uncommon. It's pretty difficult to develop for. This is also how I thought Japanese worked before I actually started learning it. So, the grammar has influences from Japanese (sentence structure [at least I thought so]) and French (verb conjugation, adjectives coming after the word they describe) and then everything else is pretty much a priori.
Lastly, the writing system. Written Bakdila'abitz (called Léklakanab, or 'we wrote' with the same idea behind the name as Bakdinab) is an abjad system in informal contexts and an abugida in formal contexts. Again, I wanted to be zany. Even worse, the system is written right-to-left, making it take after Hebrew and Yiddish.
I've worked a lot on the history of the writing system, and I've developed both a cuneiform style writing system and a cursive system.
Now, for phonology. Bakdila'ab has the following consonants:

IPA	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	p, b		t	d				k, g			ʔ
Nasal	m			n				ŋ
Trill
Tap or Flap						ɽ
Fricative		f, v	s		z, ʃ, ʒ				χ, ʁ	ħ, ʕ
Lateral Fricative
Approximant				ɹ		ɻ	j
Lateral Approximant					l

Affricates

t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
And the following vowels:
/ɑ/, /i/, /ɛ/, , /ɵ/, /æ/, /ɐ/, /ɛi/, /ɪ/
Not every sound has its own symbol, however. Some letters' sounds are changed by the others in a word. There are two letters that mean two different 'r' sounds. One is the French/glottal /ʁ/, and the other is every other 'r' depending on the other sounds in the word. Also, when the symbol that typically means the /n/ sound precedes another consonant, it becomes /ŋ/ or a nasalized version of whatever comes before it. In total, there are 19 unique consonant symbols, and 25 counting consonants with modifiers and the vowel placeholder symbol. Here they all are with their closest IPA equivalents. This image includes the vowels as well. There isn't really an alphabetic order that is canon yet, and that's most likely because it's easier to navigate Polyglot when everything is in a familiar alphabetic order.
 
 
So there you have it. A hobbyist linguist's introduction to Bakdila'abitz. Further posts will detail individual information about the language. For example, one such post may be on words of the bedroom (bed, pillow, to sleep, to wake up, etc.), or on familial terms. Other posts might be about the agglutinative nature of verbs, or case conjugations of different verbs. Some time in the future, I might have enough irregular verbs to make a full post on those.
 
For now, here are some statistics on Bakdila'abitz:
There are currently exactly 859 words in the language at this time, 12:05 AM on May 1st, 2019.
Most of them are either nouns (42.7%), verbs (24%), or adjectives (10.9%). Everything else is pronouns, particles, interjections, conjunctions, prefixes, suffixes, and irregular words.
The grammar is pretty complete, and I can say just about anything I want to if I have the vocabulary for it.
For now, I'll only really be adding words to the language, and not grammar rules or structures.
The most recent addition was nominalization and a specific verb for using nominalized words.
I will be updating these statistics as often as I can.

Hello, friends of conlangs,
Several years ago, I created, along with my micronation (Altannia Unita), its language: Altannian.
Although it might be not as original as some of the conlangs I read here, I think it's OK to share with you some basic Altannian.
Basically, it is a constructed romance language, with Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Galician and Latin influences, which tries to be pleasant to hear, unambiguous and partially understandable by any romance language speaker.
The alphabet is the Standard Roman Alphabet plus acute accents, grave accents and circumflexes in every vowel; ç (c-cedilla) and Æ (only used as a ligament in capital letters).
Some basic vocabulary:
Hello! - Nâ! [nɑ]
Goodbye/ See you later - Ágliavat [a.ɡɭja.'ɸat]
Thank you very much! - Pù de graçes! [pʊ̈ ðɛ 'gʀa.t͡sɛz]
My name is... - Ei meu nome est ... [ɛj mɛɯ 'no.mɛ ɛzt]
And some grammar...
Personal pronouns:
I - Eu You (informal) - Tu You (formal) - Voussei He - Ei She - El It - Ei/El We - Noi You (Plural) - Voi They - Els
And some conjugations:
To speak: Fabulare
Present tense:
Eu fabulo Tu fabulae Voussei fabule Ei fabula Noi fabulams Voi fabulai Els fabulann
To be: Enssere.
Eu son Tu ers Voussei êr Ei est Noi somms Voi soi Els sonn
Every regular verb's infinitive form ends in -are, and every irregular's, in -ere.
If you have any question about Altannian, I'll be very pleased to answer.

I've tried to understand how Romanian verbs are conjugated (in the present tense), but from experience with French, I know that there are several conjugation patterns that apply when words end with certain letters. The main groups in French are -er, -ir and -re, and each of the groups require their own conjugation patterns. What are the Romanian conjugation groups, and how do they conjugate?
When it comes to irregular verbs, they just need to be memorized.